Convex

You are an expert in Convex — the open-source, reactive backend platform where queries are TypeScript code. You have deep knowledge of schema design, function authoring (queries, mutations, actions), real-time data subscriptions, authentication, file storage, scheduling, and deployment workflows across React, Next.js, Angular, Vue, Svelte, React Native, and server-side environments.

When to Use

• Use when building a new project with Convex as the backend
• Use when adding Convex to an existing React, Next.js, Angular, Vue, Svelte, or React Native app
• Use when designing schemas for a Convex document-relational database
• Use when writing or debugging Convex functions (queries, mutations, actions)
• Use when implementing real-time/reactive data patterns
• Use when setting up authentication with Convex Auth or third-party providers (Clerk, Auth0, etc.)
• Use when working with Convex file storage, scheduled functions, or cron jobs
• Use when deploying or managing Convex projects

Core Concepts

Convex is a document-relational database with a fully managed backend. Key differentiators:

• Reactive by default: Queries automatically re-run and push updates to all connected clients when underlying data changes
• TypeScript-first: All backend logic — queries, mutations, actions, schemas — is written in TypeScript
• ACID transactions: Serializable isolation with optimistic concurrency control
• No infrastructure to manage: Serverless, scales automatically, zero config
• End-to-end type safety: Types flow from schema → backend functions → client hooks

Function Types

Type	Purpose	Can Read DB	Can Write DB	Can Call External APIs	Cached/Reactive
Query	Read data	✅	❌	❌	✅
Mutation	Write data	✅	✅	❌	❌
Action	Side effects	via runQuery	via runMutation	✅	❌
HTTP Action	Webhooks/custom endpoints	via runQuery	via runMutation	✅	❌

Project Setup

New Project (Next.js)

npx create-next-app@latest my-app
cd my-app && npm install convex
npx convex dev

Add to Existing Project

npm install convex
npx convex dev

The npx convex dev command:

1. Prompts you to log in (GitHub)
2. Creates a project and deployment
3. Generates convex/ folder for backend functions
4. Syncs functions to your dev deployment in real-time
5. Creates .env.local with CONVEX_DEPLOYMENT and NEXT_PUBLIC_CONVEX_URL

Folder Structure

my-app/
├── convex/
│   ├── _generated/        ← Auto-generated (DO NOT EDIT)
│   │   ├── api.d.ts
│   │   ├── dataModel.d.ts
│   │   └── server.d.ts
│   ├── schema.ts          ← Database schema definition
│   ├── tasks.ts           ← Query/mutation functions
│   └── http.ts            ← HTTP actions (optional)
├── .env.local             ← CONVEX_DEPLOYMENT, NEXT_PUBLIC_CONVEX_URL
└── convex.json            ← Project config (optional)

Schema Design

Define your schema in convex/schema.ts using the validator library:

import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export default defineSchema({
  users: defineTable({
    name: v.string(),
    email: v.string(),
    avatarUrl: v.optional(v.string()),
    tokenIdentifier: v.string(),
  })
    .index("by_token", ["tokenIdentifier"])
    .index("by_email", ["email"]),

  messages: defineTable({
    authorId: v.id("users"),
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    body: v.string(),
    attachmentId: v.optional(v.id("_storage")),
  })
    .index("by_channel", ["channelId"])
    .searchIndex("search_body", { searchField: "body" }),

  channels: defineTable({
    name: v.string(),
    description: v.optional(v.string()),
    isPrivate: v.boolean(),
  }),
});

Validator Types

Validator	TypeScript Type	Notes
v.string()	string
v.number()	number	IEEE 754 float
v.bigint()	bigint
v.boolean()	boolean
v.null()	null
v.id("tableName")	Id<"tableName">	Document reference
v.array(v.string())	string[]
v.object({...})	{...}	Nested objects
v.optional(v.string())	string | undefined
v.union(v.string(), v.number())	string | number
v.literal("active")	"active"	Literal types
v.bytes()	ArrayBuffer	Binary data
v.float64()	number	Explicit 64-bit float (used in vector indexes)
v.any()	any	Escape hatch

Indexes

// Single-field index
defineTable({ email: v.string() }).index("by_email", ["email"]);

// Compound index (order matters for range queries)
defineTable({
  orgId: v.string(),
  createdAt: v.number(),
}).index("by_org_and_date", ["orgId", "createdAt"]);

// Full-text search index
defineTable({ body: v.string(), channelId: v.id("channels") }).searchIndex(
  "search_body",
  {
    searchField: "body",
    filterFields: ["channelId"],
  },
);

// Vector search index (for AI/embeddings)
defineTable({ embedding: v.array(v.float64()), text: v.string() }).vectorIndex(
  "by_embedding",
  {
    vectorField: "embedding",
    dimensions: 1536,
  },
);

Writing Functions

Queries (Read Data)

Queries are reactive — clients automatically get updates when data changes.

import { query } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

// Simple query — list all tasks
export const list = query({
  args: {},
  handler: async (ctx) => {
    return await ctx.db.query("tasks").collect();
  },
});

// Query with arguments and filtering
export const getByChannel = query({
  args: { channelId: v.id("channels") },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.db
      .query("messages")
      .withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
      .order("desc")
      .take(50);
  },
});

// Query with auth check
export const getMyProfile = query({
  args: {},
  handler: async (ctx) => {
    const identity = await ctx.auth.getUserIdentity();
    if (!identity) return null;

    return await ctx.db
      .query("users")
      .withIndex("by_token", (q) =>
        q.eq("tokenIdentifier", identity.tokenIdentifier),
      )
      .unique();
  },
});

### Paginated Queries

Use cursor-based pagination for lists or infinite scroll UIs.

```typescript
import { query } from "./_generated/server";
import { paginationOptsValidator } from "convex/server";

export const listPaginated = query({
  args: {
    paginationOpts: paginationOptsValidator
  },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.db
      .query("messages")
      .order("desc")
      .paginate(args.paginationOpts);
  },
});
```

### Mutations (Write Data)

Mutations run as ACID transactions with serializable isolation.

```typescript
import { mutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

// Insert a document
export const create = mutation({
  args: { text: v.string(), isCompleted: v.boolean() },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const taskId = await ctx.db.insert("tasks", {
      text: args.text,
      isCompleted: args.isCompleted,
    });
    return taskId;
  },
});

// Update a document
export const update = mutation({
  args: { id: v.id("tasks"), isCompleted: v.boolean() },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.patch(args.id, { isCompleted: args.isCompleted });
  },
});

// Delete a document
export const remove = mutation({
  args: { id: v.id("tasks") },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.delete(args.id);
  },
});

// Multi-document transaction (automatically atomic)
export const transferCredits = mutation({
  args: {
    fromUserId: v.id("users"),
    toUserId: v.id("users"),
    amount: v.number(),
  },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const fromUser = await ctx.db.get(args.fromUserId);
    const toUser = await ctx.db.get(args.toUserId);
    if (!fromUser || !toUser) throw new Error("User not found");
    if (fromUser.credits < args.amount) throw new Error("Insufficient credits");

    await ctx.db.patch(args.fromUserId, {
      credits: fromUser.credits - args.amount,
    });
    await ctx.db.patch(args.toUserId, {
      credits: toUser.credits + args.amount,
    });
  },
});

Actions (External APIs & Side Effects)

Actions can call third-party services but cannot directly access the database — they must use ctx.runQuery and ctx.runMutation.

import { action } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { api } from "./_generated/api";

export const sendEmail = action({
  args: { to: v.string(), subject: v.string(), body: v.string() },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Call external API
    const response = await fetch("https://api.sendgrid.com/v3/mail/send", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: {
        Authorization: `Bearer ${process.env.SENDGRID_API_KEY}`,
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        personalizations: [{ to: [{ email: args.to }] }],
        from: { email: "noreply@example.com" },
        subject: args.subject,
        content: [{ type: "text/plain", value: args.body }],
      }),
    });

    if (!response.ok) throw new Error("Failed to send email");

    // Write result back to database via mutation
    await ctx.runMutation(api.emails.recordSent, {
      to: args.to,
      subject: args.subject,
      sentAt: Date.now(),
    });
  },
});

// Generate AI embeddings
export const generateEmbedding = action({
  args: { text: v.string(), documentId: v.id("documents") },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const response = await fetch("https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: {
        Authorization: `Bearer ${process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY}`,
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        model: "text-embedding-3-small",
        input: args.text,
      }),
    });

    const { data } = await response.json();
    await ctx.runMutation(api.documents.saveEmbedding, {
      documentId: args.documentId,
      embedding: data[0].embedding,
    });
  },
});

HTTP Actions (Webhooks)

import { httpRouter } from "convex/server";
import { httpAction } from "./_generated/server";
import { api } from "./_generated/api";

const http = httpRouter();

http.route({
  path: "/webhooks/stripe",
  method: "POST",
  handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
    const body = await request.text();
    const signature = request.headers.get("stripe-signature");

    // Verify webhook signature here...

    const event = JSON.parse(body);
    await ctx.runMutation(api.payments.handleWebhook, { event });

    return new Response("OK", { status: 200 });
  }),
});

export default http;

Client-Side Integration

React / Next.js

// app/ConvexClientProvider.tsx
"use client";
import { ConvexProvider, ConvexReactClient } from "convex/react";
import { ReactNode } from "react";

const convex = new ConvexReactClient(process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_CONVEX_URL!);

export function ConvexClientProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
  return <ConvexProvider client={convex}>{children}</ConvexProvider>;
}

// app/layout.tsx — wrap children
import { ConvexClientProvider } from "./ConvexClientProvider";

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html lang="en">
      <body>
        <ConvexClientProvider>{children}</ConvexClientProvider>
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

// Component using Convex hooks
"use client";
import { useQuery, useMutation } from "convex/react";
import { api } from "@/convex/_generated/api";

export function TaskList() {
  // Reactive query — auto-updates when data changes
  const tasks = useQuery(api.tasks.list);
  const addTask = useMutation(api.tasks.create);
  const toggleTask = useMutation(api.tasks.update);

  if (tasks === undefined) return <p>Loading...</p>;

  return (
    <div>
      {tasks.map((task) => (
        <div key={task._id}>
          <input
            type="checkbox"
            checked={task.isCompleted}
            onChange={() =>
              toggleTask({ id: task._id, isCompleted: !task.isCompleted })
            }
          />
          {task.text}
        </div>
      ))}
      <button onClick={() => addTask({ text: "New task", isCompleted: false })}>
        Add Task
      </button>
    </div>
  );
}

// Component using Paginated Queries
"use client";
import { usePaginatedQuery } from "convex/react";
import { api } from "@/convex/_generated/api";

export function MessageLog() {
  const { results, status, loadMore } = usePaginatedQuery(
    api.messages.listPaginated,
    {}, // args
    { initialNumItems: 20 }
  );

  return (
    <div>
      {results.map((msg) => (
        <div key={msg._id}>{msg.body}</div>
      ))}

      {status === "LoadingFirstPage" && <p>Loading...</p>}

      {status === "CanLoadMore" && (
        <button onClick={() => loadMore(20)}>Load More</button>
      )}
    </div>
  );
}

With Auth (First-Party Convex Auth)

Convex provides a robust, native authentication library (@convex-dev/auth) featuring Magic Links, Passwords, and 80+ OAuth providers without needing a third-party service.

// app/ConvexClientProvider.tsx
"use client";
import { ConvexAuthProvider } from "@convex-dev/auth/react";
import { ConvexReactClient } from "convex/react";
import { ReactNode } from "react";

const convex = new ConvexReactClient(process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_CONVEX_URL!);

export function ConvexClientProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <ConvexAuthProvider client={convex}>
      {children}
    </ConvexAuthProvider>
  );
}

// Client-side sign in
import { useAuthActions } from "@convex-dev/auth/react";

export function Login() {
  const { signIn } = useAuthActions();
  return <button onClick={() => signIn("github")}>Sign in with GitHub</button>;
}

With Auth (Third-Party Clerk Example)

If you prefer a hosted third-party solution like Clerk:

// app/ConvexClientProvider.tsx
"use client";
import { ConvexProviderWithClerk } from "convex/react-clerk";
import { ClerkProvider, useAuth } from "@clerk/nextjs";
import { ConvexReactClient } from "convex/react";

const convex = new ConvexReactClient(process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_CONVEX_URL!);

export function ConvexClientProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <ClerkProvider publishableKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_CLERK_PUBLISHABLE_KEY!}>
      <ConvexProviderWithClerk client={convex} useAuth={useAuth}>
        {children}
      </ConvexProviderWithClerk>
    </ClerkProvider>
  );
}

With Auth (Better Auth Component)

Convex also has a community component (@convex-dev/better-auth) that integrates the Better Auth library directly into the Convex backend. This is currently in early alpha.

npm install better-auth @convex-dev/better-auth
npx convex env set BETTER_AUTH_SECRET your-secret-here
npx convex env set SITE_URL http://localhost:3000

Better Auth provides email/password, social logins, two-factor authentication, and session management — all running inside Convex functions rather than an external auth server.

Angular Integration

Convex does not have an official Angular client library, but Angular apps can use the core convex package directly with Angular's Dependency Injection and Signals.

// services/convex.service.ts
import { Injectable, signal, effect, OnDestroy } from "@angular/core";
import { ConvexClient } from "convex/browser";
import { api } from "../../convex/_generated/api";
import { FunctionReturnType } from "convex/server";

@Injectable({ providedIn: "root" })
export class ConvexService implements OnDestroy {
  private client = new ConvexClient(environment.convexUrl);

  // Reactive signal — updates automatically when data changes
  tasks = signal<FunctionReturnType<typeof api.tasks.list> | undefined>(
    undefined,
  );

  constructor() {
    // Subscribe to a reactive query
    this.client.onUpdate(api.tasks.list, {}, (result) => {
      this.tasks.set(result);
    });
  }

  async addTask(text: string) {
    await this.client.mutation(api.tasks.create, {
      text,
      isCompleted: false,
    });
  }

  ngOnDestroy() {
    this.client.close();
  }
}

// Component usage
import { Component, inject } from "@angular/core";
import { ConvexService } from "./services/convex.service";

@Component({
  selector: "app-task-list",
  template: `
    @if (convex.tasks(); as tasks) {
      @for (task of tasks; track task._id) {
        <div>{{ task.text }}</div>
      }
    } @else {
      <p>Loading...</p>
    }
    <button (click)="convex.addTask('New task')">Add Task</button>
  `,
})
export class TaskListComponent {
  convex = inject(ConvexService);
}

Note: The community library @robmanganelly/ngx-convex provides a more Angular-native experience with React-like hooks adapted for Angular DI and Signals.

Scheduling & Cron Jobs

One-off Scheduled Functions

import { mutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { api } from "./_generated/api";

export const sendReminder = mutation({
  args: { userId: v.id("users"), message: v.string(), delayMs: v.number() },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(args.delayMs, api.notifications.send, {
      userId: args.userId,
      message: args.message,
    });
  },
});

Cron Jobs

// convex/crons.ts
import { cronJobs } from "convex/server";
import { api } from "./_generated/api";

const crons = cronJobs();

crons.interval("clear old logs", { hours: 24 }, api.logs.clearOld);

crons.cron(
  "weekly digest",
  "0 9 * * 1", // Every Monday at 9 AM
  api.emails.sendWeeklyDigest,
);

export default crons;

File Storage

// Generate an upload URL (mutation)
export const generateUploadUrl = mutation({
  args: {},
  handler: async (ctx) => {
    return await ctx.storage.generateUploadUrl();
  },
});

// Save file reference after upload (mutation)
export const saveFile = mutation({
  args: { storageId: v.id("_storage"), name: v.string() },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.insert("files", {
      storageId: args.storageId,
      name: args.name,
    });
  },
});

// Get a URL to serve a file (query)
export const getFileUrl = query({
  args: { storageId: v.id("_storage") },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.storage.getUrl(args.storageId);
  },
});

Environment Variables

# Set environment variables for your deployment
npx convex env set OPENAI_API_KEY sk-...
npx convex env set SENDGRID_API_KEY SG...

# List current env vars
npx convex env list

# Remove an env var
npx convex env unset OPENAI_API_KEY

Access in actions (NOT in queries or mutations):

// Only available in actions
const apiKey = process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY;

Deployment & CLI

# Development (watches for changes, syncs to dev deployment)
npx convex dev

# Deploy to production
npx convex deploy

# Import data
npx convex import --table tasks data.jsonl

# Export data
npx convex export --path ./backup

# Open Convex dashboard
npx convex dashboard

# Run a function from CLI
npx convex run tasks:list

# View logs
npx convex logs

Best Practices

• ✅ Define schemas — adds type safety across your entire stack
• ✅ Use indexes for queries — avoids full table scans
• ✅ Use compound indexes with equality filters first, range filter last
• ✅ Rely on native determinism — Date.now() and Math.random() are 100% safe to use in queries and mutations because Convex freezes time at the start of every function execution!
• ✅ Use v.id("tableName") for document references instead of plain strings
• ✅ Use actions for external API calls (never call external APIs from queries or mutations)
• ✅ Use ctx.runQuery / ctx.runMutation from actions — never access ctx.db directly in actions
• ✅ Add argument validators to all functions — they enforce runtime type safety
• ✅ Return null when a document isn't found instead of throwing an error unless missing is exceptional
• ✅ Prefer withIndex over .filter() for query performance

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

1. ❌ External API calls in queries/mutations: Only actions can call external services. Queries and mutations run in the Convex transaction engine.
2. ❌ Doing slow CPU-bound work in mutations: Mutations block database commits; offload heavy processing to actions.
3. ❌ Using .collect() on large tables without limits: Fetches all documents into memory. Use .take(N) or .paginate().
4. ❌ Skipping schema definition: Without a schema you lose end-to-end type safety, the main Convex advantage.
5. ❌ Using .filter() instead of indexes: .filter() does a full table scan. Define an index and use .withIndex().
6. ❌ Storing large blobs in documents: Use Convex file storage (_storage) for files; keep documents lean.
7. ❌ Circular runQuery/runMutation chains: Actions calling mutations that schedule actions can create infinite loops.

Common Pitfalls

• Problem: "Query returns undefined on first render" Solution: This is expected — Convex queries are async. Check for undefined before rendering (this means loading, not empty).

• Problem: "Mutation throws Document not found" Solution: Documents may have been deleted between your read and write due to optimistic concurrency. Re-read inside the mutation.

• Problem: "process.env is undefined in query/mutation" Solution: Environment variables are only accessible in actions (not queries or mutations) because queries/mutations run in the deterministic transaction engine.

• Problem: "Function handler is too slow" Solution: Add indexes for your query patterns. Use withIndex() instead of .filter(). For complex operations, break into smaller mutations.

• Problem: "Schema push fails with existing data" Solution: Convex validates existing data against new schemas. Either migrate existing documents first, or use v.optional() for new fields.

Limitations

• Queries and mutations cannot call external HTTP APIs (use actions instead)
• No raw SQL — you work with the Convex query builder API
• Environment variables only available in actions, not in queries or mutations
• Document size limit of 1MB
• Maximum function execution time limits apply
• No server-side rendering of Convex data without specific SSR patterns (use preloading)
• Schemas are enforced at write-time; changing schemas requires data migration for existing documents

Related Skills

• @firebase — Alternative BaaS with Firestore (compare: Convex is TypeScript-first with ACID transactions)
• @supabase-automation — Alternative with PostgreSQL backend (compare: Convex is document-relational with built-in reactivity)
• @prisma-expert — ORM for traditional databases (Convex replaces both ORM and database)
• @react-patterns — Frontend patterns that pair well with Convex React hooks
• @nextjs-app-router — Next.js App Router integration patterns
• @authentication-oauth — Auth patterns (Convex supports Clerk, Auth0, Convex Auth)
• @stripe — Payment integration via Convex actions and HTTP webhooks

Resources

• Official Docs
• Convex Stack (Blog)
• GitHub
• Discord Community
• Convex Chef (AI Starter)